Perhaps with conspicuous consumption falling out of favor, you're looking to downsize from your Phantom. Perhaps you're Kanye West and you feel the need to lower your public profile, but you don't want to give up your Roller's famously coddling ride. Well, B-list celebrities and hangers-on, Rolls-Royce has your number, and it's called the Ghost.
Looking quite a bit like Geneva's 200EX showcar, the Ghost made its public debut here in Frankfurt, and while we may kid prospective owners that the Ghost is not the Brit brand's top-shelf offering, there's no shame in this car's game. After all, it's hard to consider anything of this scale a "baby," particularly when it's packing a 6.6-liter V12 putting down 563 brake horsepower. What's more, it doesn't actually look that small, even when placed in a row shoulder-to-shoulder with its big brother.
As with the Phantom, rectilinear styling, an impossibly high beltline, and suicide doors are the stylistic meme of this Ghost, although this sedan manages to look somewhat lighter and modestly more athletic than its senior stablemates. Suffice it to say that if you've got a spot for the Phantom in your dream car garage, the Ghost ought not be far behind. If you loath the Phantom's imposing scale and bank vault styling, you're probably unlikely to warm to this latest family member – at least until you are ensconced inside its leather-lined, air-suspended confines.
[Source: Rolls-Royce]
PRESS RELEASE:
INTRODUCTION
Autumn 2006, Paris motor show: Rolls-Royce Motor Cars announced that work had begun on a new model series. The new car would be in production and on sale by the turn of the decade. The only other facts confirmed at that stage were that it would be smaller than the Phantom saloon and priced somewhere between €200,000 and €300,000 before tax. Speculation about its style and specification began almost immediately...
Little was seen of the new car, codenamed RR4, until the spring of 2008, when Rolls-Royce released the first official sketches. The styling was instantly recognisable as a Rolls-Royce, although less traditional than previous models. At the time Chief Designer, Ian Cameron, said, "The RR4 has a more informal presence than the Phantom models with a greater emphasis on driving. In design terms this is expressed through its slightly smaller dimensions, yet with powerful, purposeful proportions. It is a true and uncompromising Rolls-Royce in every sense."
As sightings of secret development models on the road increased, Rolls-Royce Motor Cars unveiled 200EX, the experimental forerunner to Ghost, at the Geneva motor show in March 2009. An instant hit, 200EX bore the trademark Rolls-Royce design cues but in altogether more compelling fashion. It was a clear statement of intent.
What the design team was seeking to create was a modern Rolls-Royce that achieved a new dynamism but remained true to its luxurious heritage. They had found inspiration in contemporary furniture, architecture and yachts but also in the spirit of the 1930s – that sense of adventure and endeavour – which they wanted to capture in the character of this new car.
"200EX is a modern execution of timeless Rolls-Royce elegance, breaking with some areas of tradition but retaining the core values that make our marque unique," said Chief Executive Officer Tom Purves. "We expect the more informal design to broaden the appeal of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, attracting people who appreciate its fusion of refinement, new technology and contemporary style."
After the show, 200EX embarked on a world tour, during which further information about the forthcoming production model became available. It would be powered by a new 6.6 litre V12 unique to the marque, delivering 563 bhp with extraordinary performance figures. It would ride on an intelligent air suspension system offering peerless ride and dynamics. And it would be called Ghost.
"Ghost is one of the most revered names in automotive industry," said Tom Purves. "It evokes images of adventure and technical innovation. The first cars to bear the Ghost name were known not only for impressive dependability and refinement but also great flair and style."
Following the overwhelmingly positive reaction to 200EX during its travels, very few changes were made in the transition to the production Ghost – a tribute to the remarkable achievements of Ian Cameron's and Helmut Riedl's design and engineering teams.
In September 2009, the new Rolls-Royce Ghost was formally launched to the world.
DESIGNING THE FUTURE
"Simplicity is the hardest design principle to follow."
Ian Cameron, Chief Designer
Ghost's flowing lines are dominated by its majestic 'Yacht Line' styling. Large, uninterrupted surfaces flow between finely sculpted horizontal lines that provide definition. Together, the upward-sweeping sill line and low-cut roof create a powerful profile, almost as though the cabin has been pushed toward the rear. Powerful shoulders and flanks draw in sharply as they flow from the rear wings to the tail lights, while touches such as the optional chromed exhausts hint at Ghost's more dynamic nature.
While incorporating classic Rolls-Royce design cues – the elevated prow, long bonnet, short front overhang, sharply raked A-pillar and elegant tail – Ghost exudes an informal aura. Contemporary touches include self-righting wheel centres and the Xenon headlamps that frame the latest evolution of the Rolls-Royce grille. Here the sides of the intake have been curved inwards and the vanes set back into the opening. "We wanted this to be less reminiscent of the traditional Parthenon style and more like a jet intake," says Ian Cameron.
A contrasting Silver Satin finish (introduced on 200EX) is an option for the bonnet, grille and windscreen surround. The finish is achieved by setting silver metallic paint under a layer of lacquer, giving a flawless matte finish.
The central principle of delivering simplicity out of complexity runs throughout Ghost. Everything is designed, engineered and crafted to enhance the drive and ride experience, not to complicate it.
"Ghost is as refined and cosseting as anything this marque has ever produced."
Charles Coldham, Interior Designer
Inside Ghost, the interior design team has come up with a contemporary ambience while staying true to Rolls-Royce Motor Cars' traditions of fine materials and peerless comfort. There are elegant, frosted lamps and chrome door handles, traditional violin key switches and eyeball air vents, frosted white dials and refined instrumentation. Deep-pile carpets can be complemented by optional lambswool floor mats for a truly luxurious feel.
Ghost is entered through substantial doors. Housed within the front doors are integrated Teflon-coated umbrellas. The rear doors are traditional, rear-hinged coach doors, opening to a generous 83 degrees. Once the passenger is inside, these doors can be closed at the touch of a button. The interior space is filled with natural light, enhanced by the optional Panorama Sunroof, which extends from the front into the rear compartment.
Four-zone automatic air conditioning can be individually tailored to each passenger's requirements, with separate controls for front and rear. Automatic air recirculation, condensation prevention and solar compensation are delivered through classic chromed eyeball vents controlled via organ-stop plungers.
Within Ghost's ample doors and high shoulder line, occupants feel serene, cosseted and safe. In the rear, the intimate ambience of the lounge seat is emphasised by its position behind the C-pillar, heightening the sense of privacy. The informal seating creates a convivial environment, its slight curve allowing you to turn more easily towards the person next to you. Its elevated position gives a clear view past the electronically retracting Spirit of Ecstasy to the road ahead.
Individual lounge seating is offered as an alternative to the standard lounge configuration. This allows the addition of a massage function and also perforated leather for a cooling stream of air from the seat surface. Auxiliary rear climate control allows the passenger to regulate the temperature of the air on their side of the car, without intrusion on the other. A cool box with interior illumination and integrated champagne glasses is also available.
Veneered picnic tables are another option, incorporating the finest leather and veneers matched to the rest of Ghost's interior. Fitted to the rear of each front seat, these tables are a traditional Rolls-Royce design cue and finished with a veneered surface with leather-covered backs.
"Ghost is designed to be an escape from the outside world."
Alan Sheppard, Interior Designer
Enhancing the Ghost ambience is an audio system delivering an exquisite experience. 600 Watts of sound are delivered through a 10-channel amplifier and 16 speakers, including two floor-mounted subwoofers. USB and auxiliary inputs allow for the integration of external audio devices and a 12.5 GB hard drive enables storage of music files from USB or CD player sources.
Available as an option with both seating arrangements is Theatre Configuration, which allows all settings that do not directly affect the driver to be controlled from the rear seat. The functions are displayed on two 9.2in LCD screens in the back of the front seats; these can be angled to suit the viewers by a central, armrest-mounted, rotary controller. The screens can be regulated independently of each other and the entertainment can also be listened to individually with most headphones. A six-disc multi-media changer, mounted in the glove compartment, is fitted as part of this option.
ENGINEERING A BENCHMARK
"The balance of refinement and dynamic ability is astonishing."
Helmut Riedl, Engineering Director
When considering a Rolls-Royce car it is usual to think of wood, leather and chrome, but the company has its roots in engineering. The refinement of its end product stems from its engineers' desire to get the smallest details correct. Long before the interior items are prepared, experts are working to ensure that the chassis components, power trains and bodywork are operating in fluid harmony. This is a world where welds are an art form and craftsmanship exists at a nano level.
Ghost is built around a steel monocoque body, which means there is no separation of chassis and body. The advantage of this construction is a reduction in exterior dimensions while preserving interior space. Consequently while Ghost is over 400mm shorter overall than the Phantom saloon its interior space is comparable.
The body has been engineered with a double front bulkhead to help insulate the interior from engine noise. It is constructed from steel sections and then wrapped in steel panels, which are brazed by hand. This allows a near-seamless join, which is then sanded by hand until it is perfect. In total, Ghost's frame contains 4.9m of seam weld and braze and 6,988 spot-welds. The bonnet and windscreen surround are then honed from aluminium.
"A Rolls-Royce should be graceful in every way: the way it handles, feels and brakes."
Helmut Riedl, Engineering Director
Ghost rides on a bed of air. Double-wishbone front suspension and multi-link rear suspension work with an intelligent, four-cornered, air-suspension system and electronic variable damping to deliver the refinement that has been associated with Rolls-Royce for more than 100 years.
The new air suspension system in Ghost is so sensitive that it can detect even the smallest of changes. For example, it will sense the movement of a single rear passenger from one side of the seat to the other and compensate accordingly. A complex computer system reads multiple inputs from sensors around the car; the dampers alone make individual load calculations every 2.5 milliseconds. This ensures not only perfect comfort but also precise steering and dynamics for the driver. The air suspension system also incorporates a lift and kneel function, raising or lowering Ghost by 25mm.
Ghost also has a series of complex electronic aids to keep it composed on virtually any surface. These include Anti-Roll Stabilisation, Dynamic Brake Control and Dynamic Stability Control, including Dynamic Traction Control and Cornering Brake Control. These individual technologies work together under dual Integrated Chassis Management systems, meaning that even when subjected to a vigorous test Ghost remains perfectly poised. Its handling and safety systems operate as one, imperceptibly to the driver and passengers, to maintain optimum contact with the road in any condition.
"Our challenge," says Engineering Director Helmut Riedl, "has been to preserve the prerequisite levels of comfort while delivering the most modern, dynamically interesting drive ever in a Rolls-Royce."
Ghost is powered by a brand new, 6.6 litre twin-turbo V12 engine, unique to the model. Featuring direct injection, it produces 563bhp – enough to propel Ghost from 0-60 mph in just 4.7 seconds* and on to an electronically governed top speed of 155mph. With 780 Nm of torque available at just 1,500rpm, delivery of power is immediate and extremely smooth.
Power is transmitted through an eight-speed, shift-by-wire, automatic ZF gearbox. What this achieves is a feeling of endless, surging power, which is illustrated by the power reserve gauge on the fascia, replacing the more common rev counter. The new powertrain delivers this performance while emitting just 317g/km of CO2.Fuel consumption is 20.8 mpg / 13.6 l/100km.*
Safety remains paramount and the very latest technologies are used in Ghost. Side-impact beams in the front and rear doors combine with progressive rear crumple zones to absorb impacts. The Advanced Crash and Safety Management (ACSM) system takes measurements 2,000 times per second from sensors located around the vehicle. The ACSM uses this information – in conjunction with the engine and chassis management systems – to judge which safety features to deploy in which areas in the event of an accident. If necessary, ACSM will activate – among other things – seatbelt pre-tensioners and all encompassing airbags surrounding the cabin, creating a safe zone for all occupants.
A MODERN ROLLS-ROYCE
Ghost is the most powerful car that Rolls-Royce Motor Cars has ever produced. However, Rolls-Royce power is delivered in a very different manner to other cars. It arrives in an elegant, cosseting way that some have described as being designed to lower the pulse, not raise it.
The principle of simplicity extends to the act of driving Ghost. The host of complex engineering software and technologies beneath the surface serve to make driving easier and more enjoyable, not to intrude or confuse.
"Nothing should distract from the pleasure of driving Ghost."
Helmut Riedl, Engineering Director
Ghost is more driver-focused than any Rolls-Royce car before it. The driver sits in a slightly elevated position behind the wheel, described as the authority position. This makes the view of the road much clearer. The fascia has been kept deliberately clear; it is spacious in design and has an intuitive layout. The controls are neatly sculpted, with the more important functions emphasised by accents of chrome. The soft light of the instrument panel glows through the familiar black-rimmed steering wheel, which in turn employs a number of violin keys as well as an ergonomic roller-ball control.
The control centre display is concealed behind a veneered panel until its services are called upon. All features such as satellite navigation, telephone, communication and entertainment functions are displayed here and managed via a central rotary controller, flanked by quick-access buttons on the front centre console.
The optional driver assistance systems and technologies in Ghost are notable for their discretion and ease of operation. From the moment the driver approaches the car, optional Comfort Entry** allows easy access, unlocking the doors when the key fob is within 1.5 metres and the cool chromed handle is grasped. Once you are in the car, voice control allows you to select from the control systems menus without using the central controller.
For ease of manoeuvring, cameras located around the car serve a number of purposes. Rear, front side and top view cameras can combine to give a fish-eye view at blind junctions or provide ground images with obstacle recognition and reverse path prediction when parking.
Positioned discreetly within the grille is a Night Vision** camera. When activated, this safety feature works with Pedestrian Recognition to detect objects up to 300 metres away and display them on the central screen in the dash. The car's control system receives infrared heat images from the camera and, taking into account the car's speed and direction, classifies them to assess imminent danger. It then determines what action, if any, needs to be taken and if necessary displays a warning to the driver.
The Head-up Display relays crucial information such as speed or navigation directions onto the windscreen directly in front of the driver. This information is visible only to the driver and can be tailored to show only the details required and at a position suitable to the driver.
Lane Departure Warning** alerts the driver should the car start to drift out of its current lane. When activated, it uses an integrated camera, located just in front of the rear view mirror, to monitor road markings and the vehicle's position. The driver is warned by a discreet vibration through the steering wheel. If the driver uses the directional indicators before and after the lane change, the wheel will not vibrate.
High Beam Assistance** automatically manages the operation of dipped and main beam lights while driving at night. When activated, the same camera used by the Lane Departure Warning system monitors the light from any source at the front of the vehicle and automatically dips or raises the headlights accordingly. Adaptive, directional headlights also improve illumination of the road ahead and adapt to the road conditions, be they rain or fog or simply when the car is making a turn.
Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go** creates a relaxing driving experience, particularly on long cruising journeys, as action is not required when the car ahead speeds up or slows down, even when coming to a standstill. Active Brake Intervention** also allows hill descent at a constant speed and the car's Curve Speed Limiter communicates with the car's Dynamic Stability Control systems to reduce speed on bends if safety and comfort may be compromised.
LEGENDARY CRAFTSMANSHIP
Rolls-Royce has a reputation for producing cars that transcend the mere automotive. There is a magic attached to the name, which stems in part from exquisite attention to detail and the fine materials used throughout.
Passing through 60 pairs of hands, the production process involves more than 2,000 individual operations and takes at least 20 days to complete.
"We don't just paint our cars, we strive to create an incredibly deep, flawless shine."
Lisa Taylor, Paint Associate
Ghost shares the same paint shop as Phantom and spends seven days being painted and polished to perfection. Five stages are required for the Ghost body. First a phosphate electro-coat is applied to protect against corrosion, then a layer of primer, a colour coat and finally two coats of clear lacquer. The body is hand-sanded between each layer and once the final coat is applied it is hand-polished for five hours.
Ghost is available in 12 exterior colours, each of which can be contrasted by the optional Silver Satin bonnet.
Flawless leather is an absolute requirement for the interior of a Rolls-Royce. For this reason, our leather is sourced from bulls raised in pastures free of barbed wire, ensuring that there are fewer imperfections in the leather. Any other marks are carefully avoided by our skilled laser cutters. At least eight hides are used for an interior, and to ensure colour consistency, each hide comes from a batch dyed at the same time. The hides are drum-dyed rather than painted, ensuring that the colour permeates right through the leather. The process also means the leather remains much more supple, preventing cracking or squeaking and ensuring durability and longevity. All seats and interior panels are hand-stitched, using traditional upholstering techniques by those most skilled at their craft.
The natural beauty of the veneers in Ghost is brought to life by the skill of dedicated craftsmen and women. The natural burrs and grains are chosen for their intricacy and interest: veneer specialists choose only the finest logs from which these very thin cross sections are taken. Only veneer from one tree is used in any car. This ensures not only that the grain matches throughout the interior, but that each area ages and colours at the same pace. The parts are milled and sanded by hand before being coated with five layers of lacquer for protection and a mirror-like shine.
EPILOGUE
Ghost is a vision of simplicity – of taking the core values of Rolls-Royce and creating contemporary effortless luxury. Ghost has been engineered to ride and drive in peerless fashion. The chassis' poise delivers a dynamically engaging experience for the driver, yet a serene, comfortable ride for passengers. Engine power is delivered in a manner which has become an engineering signature, seemingly effortlessly and endlessly. The latest in-car technology falls easily to hand while forming part of the background.
Ghost embodies 21st-century Rolls-Royce: more than 100 years of engineering and design excellence expressed in modern and uncompromised style.
*Rest of World specification – figures for North America can be found in the technical specification
** Option not available in some markets due to legal restrictions
Colour, trim and options
Exterior colours:
Adriatic Blue
Claret
Darkest Tungsten
Dark Indigo
Diamond Black
English White
Ensign Red
Jubilee Silver
Lunar Blue
Metropolitan Blue
New Sable
Sea Green
Leather colours
Black
Consort Red
Crème light
Dark Spice
Fleet Blue
Moccasin
Pine Green
Seashell
Veneers
Elm Cluster
Dark Wenge
Malabar
Piano Black
Walnut Burr
Technical specification
Rest of World:
Number of doors / seats
-
4 / 5
Vehicle length (unladen)
mm
5399
Vehicle width (unladen)
mm
1948
Vehicle height (unladen)
mm
1550
Wheelbase
mm
3295
Turning circle
m
13.4
Overhang front
mm
867.5
Overhang rear
mm
1236.5
Track width front
mm
1622
Track width rear
mm
1660
Shoulder room front
mm
1510
Shoulder room rear
mm
1418
Elbow room front
mm
1540
Elbow room rear
mm
1448
Max headroom front
mm
1030
Max headroom rear
mm
990
Effective headroom front with sunroof
mm
995
Effective headroom rear with sunroof
mm
975
Ground clearance (unladen)
mm
150
Width including mirrors
mm
2108
Luggage compartment capacity (ISO3832)
ltr
490
Fuel tank capacity
ltr
82.5
Unladen weight (DIN / (EU)
kg
2360 / 2435
Axle load ratio, rear (unladen)
%
48.2
Gross axle weight /max payload
kg
2940 / 580
Axle payload limit front / rear
kg
1445 / 1575
Engine type / Cylinders / valves
-
V / 12 / 48
Fuel management
-
Direct injection
Engine injector set-up / Aspiration
DI(VVT)/ twin turbo
Displacement
cm3
6592
Stroke / Bore
mm
88.3 / 89.0
Power output @ engine speed
bhp / kW (PS)/min-1
563 / 420 (570) / 5250
Max torque @ engine speed
lb/ft / Nm/min-1
575 / 780 / 1500
Compression ratio / fuel type
-
10.0 / Super unleaded*
Transmission type
-
8 speed automatic
Transmission ratios 1st/2nd/3rd/4th
-
4.717 / 3.143 / 2.106 / 1.667
Transmission ratios 5th/6th/7th/8th
-
1.285 / 1.000 / 0.839 / 0.667
Transmission ratio reverse gear
-
3.317
Final drive ratio
-
2.813
Steering / Total
-
Hydraulic rack and pinion 19.9
Steering wheel revolutions lock to lock
3.1
Brakes front /diameter x thickness
- / mm
Ventilated discs / 410x36
Brakes rear /diameter x thickness
- / mm
Ventilated discs / 402x30
Drag co-efficient cd / A / cd x A
- / m2 / m2
0.33 / 2.60 / 0.863
Top speed
mph / km/h
155 / 250
Acceleration 0-60 mph / 0-100km/h
s
4.7 / 4.9
1km from standing start
s
23.1
Power to weight (DIN-Unladen weight)
kg/kW
5.6
Power per litre
kW/ltr
63.7
Consumption urban (EU)
ltr/100km
20.5
Consumption extra urban
ltr/100km
9.6
Combined consumption / range
mpg (imp. gal.)/ ltr/100km
20.8 / 13.6
Range
m / km
376 / 605
CO2 Emissions (combined)
g/Km
317
Exhaust emissions standard
EU5
Front tyres
-
255/50 R19 103Y
255/45 R20 101Y
Rear tyres
-
255/50 R19 103Y
285/40 R20 104Y
Front wheels
-
8.5J x 19 EH2
8.5Jx20 EH2
Rear wheels
-
8.5J x 19 EH2
9.5Jx20 EH2
Wheel inset (difference between mounting face and centre of tyre section)
mm
25
Capacity of radiator incl. heating / motor oil
ltr
17.2 / 10.5
Transmission oil / final drive fluid
ltr
Lifetime filling
Battery capacity / location
Ah / -
90 (AGM) / Luggage compartment
Alternator output rating
A / W
210 / 2900
*The engine is designed for Octane 95 fuel
North America
No. of doors / seats
-
4 / 5
Vehicle length
mm / inch
5399 / 212.6
Vehicle width
mm / inch
1948 / 76.7
Vehicle height, unloaded
mm / inch
1550 / 61.0
Wheelbase
mm / inch
3295 / 129.7
Turning circle
m / ft
13.4 / 44.0
Track width front
mm / inch
1622 / 63.9
Track width rear
mm / inch
1660 / 65.4
Width at shoulder height, front
mm / inch
1510 / 59.4
Width at shoulder height, rear
mm / inch
1418 / 55.8
Effective leg room, front
mm / inch
1060 / 41.7
Effective leg room, rear
mm / inch
1075 / 42.3
Effective head room, front
mm / inch
1030 / 40.6
Effective head room, rear
mm / inch
990 / 39.0
Trunk volume
ltr / ft3
490 / 17.3
Trunk volume acc. SAE J1100 method
ft3
14
Approx. tank capacity
ltr / gal
82.5 / 21.8
Curb weight
kg / lbs
2470 / 5445
Axle load ratio, rear (unladen)
%
48.6
Gross vehicle weight
kg / lbs
2940 / 6482
Payload
kg / lbs
460 / 1014
Axle load limit, front
kg / lbs
1445 / 3175
Axle load limit, rear
kg / lbs
1575 / 3472
Engine / No. of cylinders / valves p. cyl.
-
V / 12 / 4
Fuel management
-
Direct injection
Engine injector set-up / Aspiration
DI(VVT)/ twin turbo
Displacement, acc. to ECE Reg.
cm3 / inch3
6592 / 402.3
Stroke
mm / inch
88.3 / 3.48
Bore
mm / inch
89.0 / 3.50
Nom. power output / Eng. speed
SAE hp / min-1
563 (420) / 5250
Max. torque / Engine speed
ft lbs / min-1
575 / 1500
Compression ratio / Fuel type
-
10.0 / Premium unleaded
Transmission type
-
8-speed automatic
Gear ratio 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th
-
4.717 / 3.143 / 2.106 / 1.667
Gear ratio 5th / 6th / 7th / 8th
-
1.285 / 1.000 / 0.839 / 0.667
Reverse gear ratio
-
3.317
Final drive ratio
-
2.81
Steering type
-
Rack and Pinion / 19.9
Brake front / diameter
- / mm / inch
Ventilated disc / 410 / 16.1
Brake rear / diameter
- / mm / inch
Ventilated disc / 402 / 15.8
Drag cd
-
0.33
Drag cd x A
m2 / ft2
0.863 / 9.3
Top speed
km/h / mph
250 / 155
Acceleration 0-60mph
s
4.8
Acceleration 0 - 1/4 mile
s
13.2
Acceleration 0-100 km/h (Canada)
s
5.0
Fuel consumption city
ltr/100km / mpg
TBC
Fuel consumption highway
ltr/100km / mpg
TBC
Fuel consumption combined
ltr/100km / mpg
TBC
Approx. range
km / miles
TBC
acc. EPA (fuel economy guide)
city/highway/comb.
TBC
Front tyres
-
255/50 R19 103Y
255/45 R20 101Y
Rear tyres
-
255/50 R19 103Y
285/40 R20 104Y
Front wheels
-
8.5J x 19 EH2
8.5Jx20 EH2
Rear wheels
-
8.5J x 19 EH2
9.5Jx20 EH2
Radiator incl. heater / Engine oil
ltr / quarts
17.2/18.2 / 10.5/11.1
Transmission fluid / Final drive fluid
ltr / quarts
Life-time
Battery capacity / installed position
Ah / -
90 (AGM) / luggage compartment
Alternator output rating
A / W
210 / 2900
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